Louis Bernard Guyton de Morveau, Antoine Lavoisier, Claude-Louis Bertholet, and Antoine de Fourcroy: "A Dictionary of the New Chymical Nomenclature" from Method of Chymical Nomenclature (1787).
Jöns Jacob Berzelius on the atomic hypothesis and some difficulties with it (1813).
J. N. Brønsted: 1923 paper on acids and bases (at ChemTeam site)
Harriet Brooks: 1904 description of a volatile radioactive product from radium, at UCLA.
Robert Brown on Brownian Movement (1829, at ChemTeam site.)
Eduard Buchner (1897) on alcoholic fermentation without yeast cells, implicating an enzyme (at Athel Cornish-Bowden's website at the Laboratoire de Bioénergétique et Ingénierie des Proteines).
Rudolf Clausius: excerpts from two papers on entropy. The first (1850) notes that heat is not indestructible, and examines how it can be converted to work with the flow of heat from a warm body to a cold; the second (1865) coins the term entropy and states the second law of thermodynamics.
Rudolf Clausius: 1857 paper on the kinetic theory of gases; derives expressions for the pressure of a gas based from analysis of collisions for average molecular speeds.
John Cockcroft and Ernest Walton: 1932 paper on the disintegration of lithium by fast protons: artificial transmutation (Nature's physics portal).
Enrico Fermi: 1934 note suspects (incorrectly) production of transuranic elements by bombarding thorium and uranium with neutrons, later explained as nuclear fission (at Nature's physics portal).
Emil Fischer [pdf]: 1891 paper on the structure of glucose and other simple sugars, a landmark of stereochemical reasoning (at J. Michael McBride's site at Yale).
Louis Bernard Guyton de Morveau, Antoine Lavoisier, Claude-Louis Bertholet, and Antoine de Fourcroy: "A Dictionary of the New Chymical Nomenclature" from Method of Chymical Nomenclature (1787).
Louis Bernard Guyton de Morveau, Antoine Lavoisier, Claude-Louis Bertholet, and Antoine de Fourcroy: "A Dictionary of the New Chymical Nomenclature" from Method of Chymical Nomenclature (1787).
M. L. Oliphant, P. Harteck, and Ernest Rutherford: 1934 note and more detailed paper from the Rutherford lab describe fusion ('transmutation') of deuterium (at ChemTeam site).
Louis Bernard Guyton de Morveau, Antoine Lavoisier, Claude-Louis Bertholet, and Antoine de Fourcroy: "A Dictionary of the New Chymical Nomenclature" from Method of Chymical Nomenclature (1787).
Theodore W. Richards & Max E. Lembert: 1914 paper on atomic weights of lead found different atomic weights for lead of radioactive origin compared to "ordinary" lead; authors cautiously interpret the results as consistent with the concept of isotopes.
John Edward Lennard-Jones: 1929 paper on molecular orbital descriptions of diatomic molecules, including paramagnetism of oxygen (at ChemTeam site).
G. N. Lewis: 1916 paper on the electron pair bond (transcribed text at ChemTeam site, page images at Pauling Archives).
Dmitrii Mendeleev: excerpt from 1871 paper focuses on properties of the predicted element eka-boron, now known as scandium (at Rod Beavon's chemistry site).
Dmitrii Mendeleev: "An Attempt Towards A Chemical Conception Of The Ether," an early 20th-century speculation envisioning the ether as the lightest of the inert gases (at Rex Research, a site devoted mainly to fringe science).
Hantaro Nagaoka (1904): from Saturnian model of atomic structure, at ChemTeam site.
J. A. R. Newlands, classification of elements and law of octaves (1863, 1864, 1865, and 1866)
J. A. R. Newlands, On the discovery of the periodic law: and on relations among the atomic weights: 1884 monograph that collects all of Newlands' papers on the subject.
Lars Nilson: excerpts (1879, 1880) on the discovery of scandium (at ChemTeam site).
Ida Noddack: 1934 note critiques Fermi's conclusion that he had produced transuranic elements by bombarding thorium and uranium with neutrons.
M. L. Oliphant, P. Harteck, and Ernest Rutherford: 1934 note and more detailed paper from the Rutherford lab describe fusion ('transmutation') of deuterium (at ChemTeam site).
Paracelsus: on alchemy and metals (16th century, at ChemTeam site).
Louis Pasteur: 1860 lecture on optical rotation, crystal structure, and molecular asymmetry.
Louis Pasteur (1861) on alcoholic fermentation and beer yeast.
Louis Pasteur (1863): germs are implicated in putrefaction.
Louis Pasteur (1879): physiological theory of fermentation (at Internet Modern History Sourcebook, Fordham).
Wolfgang Pauli: 1925 paper on the fourth quantum number (at the ChemTeam site).
Linus Pauling (1931): "The nature of the chemical bond" (first paper in a series) describes hybrid orbitals (at Pauling archive, Oregon State University).
Linus Pauling (1932): on the continuum between covalent and ionic bonds (at Pauling archive, Oregon State University).
Linus Pauling (1932): Pauling's electronegativity scale and its relationship to bond energies (at Pauling archive, Oregon State University).
Jean Perrin collects cathode rays (1895, at ChemTeam site).
Jean Perrin (1909): excerpt on Brownian movement, including an esimation of Avogadro's number.
Theodore W. Richards & Max E. Lembert: 1914 paper on atomic weights of lead found different atomic weights for lead of radioactive origin compared to "ordinary" lead; authors cautiously interpret the results as consistent with the concept of isotopes.
M. L. Oliphant, P. Harteck, and Ernest Rutherford: 1934 note and more detailed paper from the Rutherford lab describe fusion ('transmutation') of deuterium (at ChemTeam site).
Carl Wilhelm Scheele: excerpts on gases from Chemical Treatise on Air and Fire (1777), including recognition that common air is not a single substance and preparation and properties of "fire-air" (oxygen)
John Slater (1931): introduces hybrid orbitals in the context of tetrahedral carbon compounds (at the Pauling archive, Oregon State University)
